A mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 2024. / Credit: eyetravelphotos/Shutterstock Washington, D.C. Newsroom, Aug 18, 2025 / 16:04 pm (CNA). The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has released a report examining the religious liberty implications for women and minorities in Afghanistan four years after the Taliban’s takeover. “Religious freedom conditions in Afghanistan continue to decline dramatically under Taliban rule,” the USCIRF wrote in an Aug. 15 report examining the Taliban’s Law on the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice one year after its enactment. “The new morality law reinforces a systematic and overt erasure of religious freedom in Afghanistan and facilitates the ongoing repression of religious minorities.”According to the USCIRF, the morality law “impacts all Afghans” but “disproportionately affects religious minorities and women, eradicating their participation in public life and systematically eliminating their right to [freedom of religious belief].”The August 2024 law contains 35 articles and centers on mandating the Taliban’s interpretation of Islam and sharia law. Authorities are granted “broad powers to arrest, detain, and monitor Afghans who are perceived to have violated its provisions,” the USCIRF noted.Among the 35 articles is the criminalization of adherence to any religion apart from Sunni Islam. According to the USCIRF: “Non-Muslims are forced to practice in secret or risk arrest and torture.”The report quoted the Taliban’s minister for the propagation of virtue and prevention of vice, Khalid Hanafi, as saying Hindus, Jews, Christians, and Sikhs are “worse than four-legged animals” for holding “beliefs that go against sharia and the Quran.”All Afghan women — Muslim or otherwise — under the morality law are mandated to cover their entire body and face. They are also barred from leaving their homes without a male guardian. The law “characterizes women’s voices as intimate and therefore something to be concealed.” As such, Afghan women are barred in public from speaking, singing, or reciting the Quran. “While the morality law impacts all Afghans, it disproportionately affects Afghan women and girls. As of 2025, Afghan women and girls are still barred from attending school beyond age 12. The education ban, coupled with the morality law, makes it impossible for Afghan women and girls to participate in public life, including religious expression,” the report stated. “The requirement of a male guardian, reinforced under the morality law, has created significant barriers for Afghan women,” the report continued, noting that Afghan widows who may not have any male relatives are especially impacted.  The Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, which was reestablished for societal reform shortly after the Taliban took over in 2021, oversees all enforcement of the Taliban’s morality law.According to USCIRF, there are approximately 3,330 male enforcers employed in 28 of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.Heightened surveillance, arbitrary arrests and detention, forced conversions, physical assault, death threats, and torture are used as tactics by enforcers across the country, the USCIRF stated, citing a U.N. report that as many as 50 Ismaili Muslims were forced to convert to Sunni Islam and that one Ismaili man was killed in the Badakhshan Province.The man “was severely tortured prior to his death,” the USCIRF said, further noting that “while in Taliban custody, individuals’ ethnic or religious identity influenced the severity of torture inflicted, including for Christians and Hazaras.”